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| Chapter 6 Containers |

## 6.4 Window

A `Window` is a top-level display area that exists outside the browser or applet area you are working in. It has no adornments, such as the borders, window title, or menu bar that a typical window manager might provide. A `Frame` is a subclass of `Window` that adds these parts (borders, window title). Normally you will work with the children of `Window` and not `Window` directly. However, you might use a `Window` to create your own pop-up menu or some other GUI component that requires its own window and isn't provided by AWT. This technique isn't as necessary in Java 1.1, which has a `PopupMenu` component.

The default `LayoutManager` for `Window` is `BorderLayout`, which is described in BorderLayout.

### Window Methods

Constructors

public Window (Frame parent)

  There is one public constructor for `Window`. It has one parameter, which specifies the `parent` of the `Window`. When the `parent` is minimized, so is the `Window`. In an application, you must therefore create a `Frame` before you can create a `Window`; this isn't much of an inconvenience since you usually need a `Frame` in which to build your user interface. In an applet, you often do not have access to a `Frame` to use as the parent, so you can pass `null` as the argument.

  Figure 6.2 shows a simple `Window` on the left. Notice that there are no borders or window management adornments present. The `Window` on the right was created by an applet loaded over the network. Notice the warning message you get in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This is to warn users that the `Window` was created by an applet that comes from an untrusted source, and you can't necessarily trust it to do what it says. The warning is particularly appropriate for windows, since a user can't necessarily tell whether a window was created by an applet or any other application. It is therefore possible to write applets that mimic windows from well-known applications, to trick the user into giving away passwords, credit card numbers, or other sensitive information.

  #### Figure 6.2: Two windows

  In some environments, you can get the browser's `Frame` to use with the `Window`'s constructor. This is one way to create a `Dialog`, as we shall see. By repeatedly calling `getParent()` until there are no more parents, you can discover an applet's top-level parent, which should be the browser's `Frame`. Example 6.1 contains the code you would write to do this. You should then check the return value to see if you got a `Frame` or `null`. This code is completely nonportable, but you may happen to be in an environment where it works.

#### Example 6.1: Finding a Parent Frame

    import java.awt.*;
    public class ComponentUtilities {
        public static Frame getTopLevelParent (Component component) {
            Component c = component;
            while (c.getParent() != null)
                c = c.getParent();
            if (c instanceof Frame)
                return (Frame)c;
            else
                return null;
        }
    }

Appearance methods

A handful of methods assist with the appearance of the `Window`.

public void pack ()

  The `pack()` method resizes the `Window` to the preferred size of the components it contains and validates the `Window`.

public void show ()

  The `show()` method displays the `Window`. When a `Window` is initially created it is hidden. If the window is already showing when this method is called, it calls `toFront()` to bring the window to the foreground. To hide the window, just call the `hide()` method of `Component`. After you `show()` a window, it is validated for you.

  The first call to `show()` for any `Window` generates a `WindowEvent` with the ID `WINDOW_OPENED`.

public void dispose ()

  The `dispose()` method releases the resources of the `Window` by hiding it and removing its peer. Calling this method generates a `WindowEvent` with the ID `WINDOW_CLOSED`.

public void toFront ()

  The `toFront()` method brings the `Window` to the foreground of the display. This is automatically called if you call `show()` and the `Window` is already shown.

public void toBack ()

  The `toBack()` method puts the `Window` in the background of the display.

public boolean isShowing()

  The `isShowing()` method returns `true` if the `Window` is visible on the screen.

Miscellaneous methods

public Toolkit getToolkit ()

  The `getToolkit()` method returns the current `Toolkit` of the window. The `Toolkit` provides you with information about the native platform. This will allow you to size the `Window` based upon the current screen resolution and get images for an application. See Building a New Component from a Window for a usage example.

public Locale getLocale ()

  The `getLocale()` method retrieves the current `Locale` of the window, if it has one. Using a `Locale` allows you to write programs that can adapt themselves to different languages and different regional variants. If no `Locale` has been set, `getLocale()` returns the default `Locale`. The default `Locale` has a user language of English and no region. To change the default `Locale`, set the system properties `user.language` and `user.region` or call `Locale.setDefault()` (`setDefault()` verifies access rights with the security manager).[1]

  > [1] For more on the `Locale` class, see the Java Fundamental Classes Reference from O'Reilly & Associates.

public final String getWarningString ()

  The `getWarningString()` method returns `null` or a string that is displayed on the bottom of insecure `Window` instances. If the `SecurityManager` says that top-level windows do not get a warning message, this method returns `null`. If a message is required, the default text is "Warning: Applet Window". However, Java allows the user to change the warning by setting the system property `awt.appletWarning`. (Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer do not allow the warning message to be changed. Netscape Navigator's current (V3.0) warning string is "Unsigned Java Applet Window.") The purpose of this string is to warn users that the `Window` was created by an untrusted source, as opposed to a standard application, and should be used with caution.

public Component getFocusOwner ()

  The `getFocusOwner()` method allows you to ask the `Window` which of its components currently has the input focus. This is useful if you are cutting and pasting from the system clipboard; asking who has the input focus tells you where to put the data you get from the clipboard. The system clipboard is covered in Chapter 16, Data Transfer. If no component in the `Window` has the focus, `getFocusOwner()` returns `null`.

public synchronized void addNotify ()

  The `addNotify()` method creates the `Window` peer. This is automatically done when you call the `show()` method of the `Window`. If you override this method, first call `super.addNotify()`, then add your customizations for the new class. Then you can do everything you need to with the information about the newly created peer.

### Window Events

In Java 1.0, a `Window` peer generates all the events that are generated by the `Component` class; it does not generate events that are specific to a particular type of component. That is, it generates key events, mouse events, and focus events; it doesn't generate action events or list events. If an event occurs within a child component of a `Window`, the target of the event is the child component, not the `Window`.

In addition to the `Component` events, five events are specific to windows, none of which are passed on by the window's peer. These events happen at the `Frame` and `Dialog` level. The events are `WINDOW_DESTROY`, `WINDOW_EXPOSE`, `WINDOW_ICONIFY`, `WINDOW_DEICONIFY`, and `WINDOW_MOVED`. The default event handler, `handleEvent()`, doesn't call a convenience method to handle any of these events. If you want to work with them, you must override `handleEvent()`. See Frame Events for an example that catches the `WINDOW_DESTROY` event.

public boolean postEvent (Event e)

  The `postEvent()` method tells the `Window` to deal with `Event` `e`. It calls the `handleEvent()` method, which returns `true` if somebody handled `e` and `false` if no one handles it. This method, which overrides `Component.postEvent()`, is necessary because a `Window` is, by definition, an outermost container, and therefore does not need to post the event to its parent.

Listeners and 1.1 event handling

With the 1.1 event model, you register listeners for different event types; the listeners are told when the event happens. These methods register listeners and let the `Window` component inspect its own events.

public void addWindowListener(WindowListener listener)

  The `addWindowListener()` method registers `listener` as an object interested in being notified when an `WindowEvent` passes through the `EventQueue` with this `Window` as its target. When such an event occurs, one of the methods in the `WindowListener` interface is called. Multiple listeners can be registered.

public void removeWindowListener(WindowListener listener)

  The `removeWindowListener()` method removes `listener` as an interested listener. If `listener` is not registered, nothing happens.

protected void processEvent(AWTEvent e)

  The `processEvent()` method receives every `AWTEvent` with this `Window` as its target. `processEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `Window`, overriding `processEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processEvent()`, remember to call `super.processEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

protected void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent e)

  The `processWindowEvent()` method receives every `WindowEvent` with this `Window` as its target. `processWindowEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `Window`, overriding `processWindowEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processWindowEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processWindowEvent()`, you must remember to call `super.processWindowEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

Insets |  | Frames