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| Chapter 17 The java.util Package |

# Hashtable

## Name

Hashtable

## Synopsis

Class Name:

  `java.util.Hashtable`

Superclass:

  `java.util.Dictionary`

Immediate Subclasses:

  `java.util.Properties`

Interfaces Implemented:

  `java.lang.Cloneable`, `java.io.Serializable`

Availability:

  JDK 1.0 or later

## Description

The `Hashtable` class is a concrete subclass of `Dictionary` that builds a table of key/value pairs. Any non-`null` object can be used as a key or as a value. The objects used as keys must implement the `equals()` and `hashCode()` methods in a way that computes comparisons and hashcodes from the contents of an object. Once the table is built, a value can be efficiently retrieved by supplying its associated key.

`Hashtable` is an excellent example of how a well-written class can hide an arcane algorithm. The casual user simply instantiates a `Hashtable` and uses `put()` and `get()` to add and retrieve key and value pairs. However, when performance is an issue, you need to be aware of the considerations discussed in the following paragraphs.

Internally, a `Hashtable` keeps an array of key/value pairs. When a new key/value pair is added to a `Hashtable`, it is added to the array at an index that is calculated from the hashcode of the key. If a key/value pair already exists at this index, the new pair is linked to the existing key and value. Thus, a `Hashtable` has an overall structure of an array of linked lists.

For a given key, the retrieval of the matching value from a `Hashtable` is quite fast. The `Hashtable` computes the hashcode of the key and uses it as an index into the array. Then it only needs to search the linked list of key/value pairs at that index to find a match for the given key. If the array is short, but the `Hashtable` contains many key/value pairs, however, the linked lists will be lengthy, which adversely affects performance.

A `Hashtable` has a capacity, which is the length of its array, and a load factor, which determines when rehashing is performed. The load factor is a number between 0 and 1. If the number of key/value pairs added to the `Hashtable` exceeds the capacity multiplied by the load factor, the capacity of the `Hashtable` is increased and the key/value pairs are rehashed into the new array. Obviously, this is an undesirable performance hit, so if you know approximately how many items you will add to a `Hashtable`, you should create one with an appropriate initial capacity.

## Class Summary

    public class java.util.Hashtable extends java.util.Dictionary
                 implements java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
      // Constructors
      public Hashtable();
      public Hashtable(int initialCapacity);
      public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor);
      // Instance Methods
      public synchronized void clear();
      public synchronized Object clone();
      public synchronized boolean contains(Object value);
      public synchronized boolean containsKey(Object key);
      public synchronized Enumeration elements();
      public synchronized Object get(Object key);
      public boolean isEmpty();
      public synchronized Enumeration keys();
      public synchronized Object put(Object key, Object value);
      public synchronized Object remove(Object key);
      public int size();
      public synchronized String toString();
      // Protected Instance Methods
      protected void rehash();
    }

## Constructors

### Hashtable

#### public Hashtable()

Description

  This constructor creates a `Hashtable` with a default capacity of 101 and a default load factor of .75.

#### public Hashtable(int initialCapacity)

Parameters

  `initialCapacity`

    The initial capacity.

Throws

  `IllegalArgumentException`

    If `initialCapacity` is less than or equal to zero.

Description

  This constructor creates a `Hashtable` with the given capacity and a default load factor of .75.

#### public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)

Parameters

  `initialCapacity`

    The initial capacity.

  `loadFactor`

    The load factor.

Throws

  `IllegalArgumentException`

    If `initialCapacity` or `loadFactor` is less than or equal to zero.

Description

  This constructor creates a `Hashtable` with the given capacity and load factor.

## Instance Methods

### clear

#### public synchronized void clear()

Description

  This method removes all of the key/value pairs from this `Hashtable`.

### clone

#### public synchronized Object clone()

Returns

  A copy of this `Hashtable`.

Overrides

  `Object.clone()`

Description

  This method returns a shallow copy of this `Hashtable`. This means that the internal array of the `Hashtable` is copied, but the keys and values themselves are not copied.

### contains

#### public synchronized boolean contains(Object value)

Parameters

  `value`

    The value to find.

Returns

  `true` if this `Hashtable` contains the given value; `false` otherwise.

Throws

  `NullPointerException`

    If the given value is `null`.

Description

  This method returns `true` if the given value is contained in this `Hashtable` object. The entire table is searched, which can be a time-consuming operation.

### containsKey

#### public synchronized boolean containsKey(Object key)

Parameters

  `key`

    The key to find.

Returns

  `true` if this `Hashtable` contains the given value; `false` otherwise.

Description

  This method returns `true` if the given key is contained in this `Hashtable` object. Because the key is hashed to perform the search, this method runs quite fast, especially in comparison to `contains()`.

### elements

#### public synchronized Enumeration elements()

Returns

  The values in this `Hashtable` as an `Enumeration`.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.elements()`

Description

  This method returns an `Enumeration` that iterates through the values in this `Hashtable`.

### get

#### public synchronized Object get(Object key)

Parameters

  `key`

    The key of the value to retrieve.

Returns

  The value that corresponds to this key or `null` if the key is not associated with any value.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.get()`

Description

  This method returns the value that is associated with the given key.

### isEmpty

#### public boolean isEmpty()

Returns

  `true` if there are no values in the `Hashtable`; `false` otherwise.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.isEmpty()`

Description

  This method returns a `boolean` value that indicates whether or not the `Hashtable` is empty.

### keys

#### public synchronized Enumeration keys()

Returns

  The keys in the `Hashtable` as an `Enumeration`.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.keys()`

Description

  This method returns an `Enumeration` that iterates through the keys in this `Hashtable`.

### put

#### public synchronized Object put(Object key, Object value)

Parameters

  `key`

    A key object.

  `value`

    A value object.

Returns

  The previous value associated with the given key or `null` if `key` has not previously been associated with a value.

Throws

  `NullPointerException`

    If either the key or the value is `null`.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.put()`

Description

  This method associates the given key with the given value in this `Hashtable`.

### remove

#### public synchronized Object remove(Object key)

Parameters

  `key`

    A key of the value to remove.

Returns

  The value associated with the given key, or `null` if `key` is not associated with a value.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.remove()`

Description

  This method removes a key/value pair from this `Hashtable`. If the given key is not in the `Hashtable`, the method does nothing.

### size

#### public int size()

Returns

  The number of key in the `Hashtable`.

Overrides

  `Dictionary.size()`

Description

  This method returns the number of key/value pairs in the `Hashtable`.

### toString

#### public String toString()

Returns

  A string that represents this `Hashtable`.

Overrides

  `Object.toString()`

Description

  This method returns a string representation of this `Hashtable`. The string includes every key/value pair that is contained in the `Hashtable`, so the string returned by `toString()` can be quite long.

## Protected Instance Methods

### rehash

#### protected void rehash()

Description

  This method increases the capacity of this `Hashtable`. A larger internal array is created and all existing key/value pairs are rehashed into the new array.

## Inherited Methods

Method | Inherited From | Method | Inherited From
--- | --- | --- | ---
`equals(Object)` | `Object` | `finalize()` | `Object`
`getClass()` | `Object` | `hashCode()` | `Object`
`notify()` | `Object` | `notifyAll()` | `Object`
`wait()` | `Object` | `wait(long)` | `Object`
`wait(long, int)` | `Object` |  |

## See Also

`Cloneable`, `Dictionary`, `Enumeration`, `IllegalArgumentException`, `NullPointerException`, `Properties`, `Serializable`

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