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| Chapter 9 |

# 9. Pick Me

Contents:
Choice
Lists
Checkbox
CheckboxGroup
ItemSelectable

Three AWT components let you present a list of choices to users: `Choice`, `List`, and `Checkbox`. All three components implement the `ItemSelectable` interface ( Java1.1). These components are comparable to selection mechanisms in modern GUIs so most readers will be able to learn them easily, but I'll point out some special enhancements that they provide.

`Choice` and `List` are similar; both offer a list of choices for the user to select. `Choice` provides a pull-down list that offers one selection at a time, whereas `List` is a scrollable list that allows a user to make one or multiple selections. From a design standpoint, which you choose depends at least partially on screen real estate; if you want the user to select from a large group of alternatives, `Choice` requires the least space, `List` requires somewhat more, while `Checkbox` requires the most. `Choice` is the only component in this group that does not allow multiple selections. A `List` allows multiple or single selection; because each `Checkbox` is a separate component, checkboxes inherently allow multiple selection. In order to create a list of mutually exclusive checkboxes, in which only one box can be selected at a time (commonly known as radio buttons), you can put several checkboxes together into a `CheckboxGroup`, which is discussed at the end of this chapter.

## 9.1 Choice

The `Choice` component provides pop-up/pull-down lists. It is the equivalent of Motif's OptionMenu or Windows MFC's ComboBox. ( Java 1.1 departs from the MFC world.) With the `Choice` component, you can provide a short list of choices to the user, while taking up the space of a single item on the screen. When the component is selected, the complete list of available choices appears on the screen. After the user has selected an option, the list is removed from the screen and the selected item is displayed. Selecting any item automatically deselects the previous selection.

### Component Methods

Constructors

public Choice ()

  There is only one constructor for `Choice`. When you call it, a new instance of `Choice` is created. The component is initially empty, with no items to select. Once you add some items using `addItem()` (version 1.0) or `add()` (version 1.1) and display the `Choice` on the screen, it will look something like the leftmost component in Figure 9.1. The center component shows what a `Choice` looks like when it is selected, while the one on the right shows what a `Choice` looks like before any items have been added to it.

#### Figure 9.1: How Choices are displayed

Items

public int getItemCount ()
public int countItems ()

  The `getItemCount()` method returns the number of selectable items in the `Choice` object. In Figure 9.1, `getItemCount()` would return 6.

  `countItems()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public String getItem (int index)

  The `getItem()` method returns the text for the item at position `index` in the `Choice`. If `index` is invalid--either `index` < 0 or `index` >= `getItemCount()`--the `getItem()` method throws the `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` run-time exception.

public synchronized void add (String item)
public synchronized void addItem (String item)

  `add()` adds `item` to the list of available choices. If `item` is already an option in the `Choice`, this method adds it again. If `item` is `null`, `add()` throws the run-time exception `NullPointerException`. The first `item` added to a `Choice` becomes the initial (default) selection.

  `addItem()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public synchronized void insert (String item, int index)

  `insert()` adds `item` to the list of available choices at position `index`. An index of 0 adds the item at the beginning. An index larger than the number of choices adds the item at the end. If `item` is `null`, `insert()` throws the run-time exception `NullPointerException`. If `index` is negative, `insert()` throws the run-time exception `IllegalArgumentException`.

public synchronized void remove (String item)

  `remove()` removes `item` from the list of available choices. If `item` is present in `Choice` multiple times, a call to `remove()` removes the first instance. If `item` is `null`, `remove()` throws the run-time exception `NullPointerException`. If `item` is not found in the `Choice`, `remove()` throws the `IllegalArgumentException` run-time exception.

public synchronized void remove (int position)

  `remove()` removes the item at `position` from the list of available choices. If `position` is invalid--either `position` < 0 or `position` >= `getItemCount()`--`remove()` throws the run-time exception `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.

public synchronized void removeAll ()

  The `removeAll()` method removes every option from the `Choice`. This allows you to refresh the list from scratch, rather than creating a new `Choice` and repopulating it.

Selection

The `Choice` has one item selected at a time. Initially, it is the first item that was added to the `Choice`.

public String getSelectedItem ()

  The `getSelectedItem()` method returns the currently selected item as a `String`. The text returned is the parameter used in the `addItem()` or `add()` call that put the option in the `Choice`. If `Choice` is empty, `getSelectedItem()` returns `null`.

public Object[] getSelectedObjects ()

  The `getSelectedObjects()` method returns the currently selected item as an `Object` array, instead of a `String`. The array will either be a one-element array, or `null` if there are no items. This method is required by the `ItemSelectable` interface and allows you to use the same method to look at the items selected by a `Choice`, `List`, or `Checkbox`.

public int getSelectedIndex ()

  The `getSelectedIndex()` method returns the position of the currently selected item. The `Choice` list uses zero-based indexing, so the position of the first item is zero. The position of the last item is the value of `countItems()-1`. If the list is empty, this method returns -1.

public synchronized void select (int position)

  This version of the `select()` method makes the item at `position` the selected item in the `Choice`. If `position` is too big, `select()` throws the run-time exception `IllegalArgumentException`. If `position` is negative, nothing happens.

public void select (String string)

  This version of `select()` makes the item with the label `string` the selected item. If `string` is in the `Choice` multiple times, this method selects the first. If `string` is not in the `Choice`, nothing happens.

Miscellaneous methods

public synchronized void addNotify ()

  The `addNotify()` method creates the `Choice`'s peer. If you override this method, call `super.addNotify()` first, then add your customizations for the new class. You will then be able to do everything you need with the information about the newly created peer.

protected String paramString ()

  When you call the `toString()` method of a `Choice`, the default `toString()` method of `Component` gets called. This in turn calls `paramString()` which builds up the string to display. At the `Choice` level, `paramString()` appends the currently selected item (the result of `getSelectedItem()`) to the output. Using the first `Choice` instance in Figure 9.1, the results would be:

    java.awt.Choice[139,5,92x27,current=Dialog]

### Choice Events

The primary event for a `Choice` occurs when the user selects an item in the list. With the 1.0 event model, selecting an item generates an `ACTION_EVENT`, which triggers a call to the `action()` method. Once the `Choice` has the input focus, the user can change the selection by using the arrow or keyboard keys. The arrow keys scroll through the list of choices, triggering the `KEY_ACTION`, `ACTION_EVENT`, and `KEY_ACTION_RELEASE` event sequence, which in turn invokes the `keyDown()`, `action()`, and `keyUp()` methods, respectively. If the mouse is used to choose an item, no mouse events are triggered as you scroll over each item, and an `ACTION_EVENT` occurs only when a specific choice is selected.

With the 1.1 event model, you register `ItemListener` with `addItemListener()`. Then when the user selects the `Choice`, the `ItemListener.itemStateChanged()` method is called through the protected `Choice.processItemEvent()` method. Key, mouse, and focus listeners are registered through the `Component` methods of `addKeyListener()`, `addMouseListener()`, and `addFocusListener()`, respectively. Action

public boolean action (Event e, Object o)

  The `action()` method for a choice signifies that the user selected an item. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `o` is the `String` from the call to `addItem()` or `add()` that represents the current selection. Here's a trivial implementation of the method:

    public boolean action (Event e, Object o) {
        if (e.target instanceof Choice) {
            System.out.println ("Choice is now set to " + o);
        }
        return false;
    }

Keyboard

The keyboard events for a `Choice` can be generated once the `Choice` has the input focus. In addition to the `KEY_ACTION` and `KEY_ACTION_RELEASE` events you get with the arrow keys, an `ACTION_EVENT` is generated over each entry.

public boolean keyDown (Event e, int key)

  The `keyDown()` method is called whenever the user presses a key and the `Choice` has the input focus. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `key` is the integer representation of the character pressed. The identifier for the event (`e.id`) for `keyDown()` could be either `Event.KEY_PRESS` for a regular key or `Event.KEY_ACTION` for an action-oriented key (i.e., arrow or function key). If you check the current selection in this method through the method `getSelectedItem()` or `getSelectedIndex()`, you will be given the previously selected item because the `Choice`'s selection has not changed yet. `keyDown()` is not called when the `Choice` is changed by using the mouse.

public boolean keyUp (Event e, int key)

  The `keyUp()` method is called whenever the user releases a key. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `key` is the integer representation of the character pressed. The identifier for the event (`e.id`) for `keyUp()` could be either `KEY_RELEASE` for a regular key or `KEY_ACTION_RELEASE` for an action oriented key (i.e., arrow or function key).

Mouse

Ordinarily, the `Choice` component does not trigger any mouse events. Focus

Ordinarily, the `Choice` component does not trigger any focus events. Listeners and 1.1 event handling

With the 1.1 event model, you register listeners for different event types; the listeners are told when the event happens. These methods register listeners, and let the `Choice` component inspect its own events.

public void addItemListener(ItemListener listener)

  The `addItemListener()` method registers `listener` as an object interested in being notified when an `ItemEvent` passes through the `EventQueue` with this `Choice` as its target. The `listener.itemStateChanged()` method is called when an event occurs. Multiple listeners can be registered.

public void removeItemListener(ItemListener listener)

  The `removeItemListener()` method removes `listener` as a interested listener. If `listener` is not registered, nothing happens.

protected void processEvent(AWTEvent e)

  The `processEvent()` method receives all `AWTEvent`s with this `Choice` as its target. `processEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `Choice`, overriding `processEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processEvent()`, remember to call `super.processEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

protected void processItemEvent(ItemEvent e)

  The `processItemEvent()` method receives all `ItemEvent`s with this `Choice` as its target. `processItemEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `Choice`, overriding `processItemEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processItemEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processItemEvent()`, remember to call the method `super.processItemEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

The following simple applet below demonstrates how a component can receive its own events by overriding `processItemEvent()`, while still allowing other objects to register as listeners. `MyChoice11` is a subclass of `Choice` that processes its own item events. `choice11` is an applet that uses the `MyChoice11` component and registers itself as a listener for item events.

    // Java 1.1 only
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.applet.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    class MyChoice11 extends Choice {
        MyChoice11 () {
            super ();
            enableEvents (AWTEvent.ITEM_EVENT_MASK);
        }
        protected void processItemEvent(ItemEvent e) {
            ItemSelectable ie = e.getItemSelectable();
            System.out.println ("Item Selected: " + ie.getSelectedObjects()[0]);
            // If you do not call super.processItemEvent()
            // no listener will be notified
            super.processItemEvent (e);
        }
    }
    public class choice11 extends Applet implements ItemListener {
        Choice c;
        public void init () {
            String []fonts;
            fonts = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getFontList();
            c = new MyChoice11();
            for (int i = 0; i < fonts.length; i++) {
                c.add (fonts[i]);
            }
            add (c);
            c.addItemListener (this);
       }
        public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)  {
            ItemSelectable ie = e.getItemSelectable();
            System.out.println ("State Change: " + ie.getSelectedObjects()[0]);
        }
    }

A few things are worth noticing. `MyChoice11` calls `enableEvents()` in its constructor to make sure that item events are delivered, even if nobody registers as a listener: `MyChoice11` needs to make sure that it receives events, even in the absence of listeners. Its `processItemEvent()` method ends by calling the superclass's `processItemEvent()` method, with the original item event. This call ensures that normal item event processing occurs; `super.processItemEvent()` is responsible for distributing the event to any registered listeners. The alternative would be to implement the whole registration and event distribution mechanism inside `myChoice11`, which is precisely what object-oriented programming is supposed to avoid, or being absolutely sure that you will only use `MyChoice11` in situations in which there won't be any listeners, drastically limiting the usefulness of this class.

`choice11` doesn't contain many surprises. It implements `ItemListener`, the listener interface for item events; provides the required `itemStateChanged()` method, which is called whenever an item event occurs; and calls `MyChoice11`'s method `addItemListener()` to register as a listener for item events. (`MyChoice11` inherits this method from the `Choice` class.)

Extending TextField |  | Lists