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| Chapter 9 Network Programming |

## 9.6 Writing a Protocol Handler

A `URL` object uses a protocol handler to establish a connection with a server and perform whatever protocol is necessary to retrieve data. For example, an HTTP protocol handler knows how to talk to an HTTP server and retrieve a document; an FTP protocol handler knows how to talk to an FTP server and retrieve a file. All types of URLs use protocol handlers to access their objects. Even the lowly "file" type URLs use a special "file" protocol handler that retrieves files from the local filesystem. The data a protocol handler retrieves is then fed to an appropriate content handler for interpretation.

While we refer to a protocol handler as a single entity, it really has two parts: a `java.net.URLStreamHandler` and a `java.net.URLConnection`. These are both `abstract` classes we will subclass to create our protocol handler. (Note that these are `abstract` classes, not interfaces. Although they contain abstract methods we are required to implement, they also contain many utility methods we can use or override.) The `URL` looks up an appropriate `URLStreamHandler`, based on the protocol component of the `URL`. The `URLStreamHandler` then finishes parsing the URL and creates a `URLConnection` when it's time to communicate with the server. The `URLConnection` represents a single connection with a server, and implements the communication protocol itself.

### Locating Protocol Handlers

Protocol handlers are organized in a package hierarchy similar to content handlers. Unlike content handlers, which are grouped into packages by the MIME types of the objects that they handle, protocol handlers are given individual packages. Both parts of the protocol handler (the `URLStreamHandler` class and the `URLConnection` class) are located in a package named for the protocol they support.

For example, the classes for an FTP protocol handler would be found in the `net.www.protocol.ftp` package. The `URLStreamHandler` is placed in this package and given the name `Handler`; all `URLStreamHandler`s are named `Handler` and distinguished by the package in which they reside. The `URLConnection` portion of the protocol handler is placed in the same package, and can be given any name. There is no need for a naming convention because the corresponding `URLStreamHandler` is responsible for creating the `URLConnection` objects it uses. Table 9.2 gives the obvious examples.[9]

> [9] The "pre-beta 1" release of HotJava has a temporary solution that is compatible with the convention described here. In the HotJava properties file, add the line: `java.protocol.handler.pkgs=net.www.protocol`.

Table 9.2: Mapping Protocols into Package and Class Names
Protocol | Package | URLStreamHandler | Handler
--- | --- | --- | ---
| name | class name | class location
FTP | `net.www.protocol.ftp` | `Handler` | net/www/protocol/ftp/
HTTP | `net.www.protocol.http` | `Handler` | net/www/protocol/http/

### URLs, Stream Handlers, and Connections

The `URL`, `URLStreamHandler`, `URLConnection`, and `ContentHandler` classes work together closely. Before diving into an example, let's take a step back, look at the parts a little more closely, and see how these things communicate. Figure 9.5 shows how these components relate to each other.

#### Figure 9.5: The protocol handler machinery

We begin with the `URL` object, which points to the resource we'd like to retrieve. The `URLStreamHandler` helps the `URL` class parse the URL specification string for its particular protocol. For example, consider the following call to the `URL` constructor:

    URL url = new URL("protocol://foo.bar.com/file.ext");

The `URL` class parses only the protocol component; later, a call to the `URL` class's `getContent()` or `openStream()` method starts the machinery in motion. The `URL` class locates the appropriate protocol handler by looking in the protocol-package hierarchy. It then creates an instance of the appropriate `URLStreamHandler` class.

The `URLStreamHandler` is responsible for parsing the rest of the URL string, including hostname and filename, and possibly an alternative port designation. This allows different protocols to have their own variations on the format of the URL specification string. Note that this step is skipped when a URL is constructed with the "protocol," "host," and "file" components specified explicitly. If the protocol is straightforward, its `URLStreamHandler` class can let Java do the parsing and accept the default behavior. For this illustration, we'll assume that the `URL` string requires no special parsing. (If we use a nonstandard URL with a strange format, we're responsible for parsing it ourselves, as I'll show shortly.)

The `URL` object next invokes the handler's `openConnection()` method, prompting the handler to create a new `URLConnection` to the resource. The `URLConnection` performs whatever communications are necessary to talk to the resource and begins to fetch data for the object. At that time, it also determines the MIME type of the incoming object data and prepares an `InputStream` to hand to the appropriate content handler. This `InputStream` must send "pure" data with all traces of the protocol removed.

The `URLConnection` also locates an appropriate content handler in the content-handler package hierarchy. The `URLConnection` creates an instance of a content handler; to put the content handler to work, the `URLConnection`'s `getContent()` method calls the content handler's `getContent()` method. If this sounds confusing, it is: we have three `getContent()` methods calling each other in a chain. The newly created `ContentHandler` object then acquires the stream of incoming data for the object by calling the `URLConnection`'s `getInputStream()` method. (Recall that we acquired an `InputStream` in our `x_tar` content handler.) The content handler reads the stream and constructs an object from the data. This object is then returned up the `getContent()` chain: from the content handler, the `URLConnection`, and finally the `URL` itself. Now our application has the desired object in its greedy little hands.

To summarize, we create a protocol handler by implementing a `URLStreamHandler` class that creates specialized `URLConnection` objects to handle our protocol. The `URLConnection` objects implement the `getInputStream()` method, which provides data to a content handler for construction of an object. The base `URLConnection` class implements many of the methods we need; therefore, our `URLConnection` needs only to provide the methods that generate the data stream and return the MIME type of the object data.

Okay. If you're not thoroughly confused by all that terminology (or even if you are), let's move on to the example. It should help to pin down what all these classes are doing.

### The crypt Handler

In this section, we'll build a crypt protocol handler. It parses URLs of the form:

    crypt:type//hostname[:port]/location/item

`type` is an identifier that specifies what kind of encryption to use. The protocol itself is a simplified version of HTTP; we'll implement the `GET` command and no more. I added the `type` identifier to the URL to show how to parse a nonstandard URL specification. Once the handler has figured out the encryption type, it dynamically loads a class that implements the chosen encryption algorithm and uses it to retrieve the data. Obviously, we don't have room to implement a full-blown public-key encryption algorithm, so we'll use the `rot13InputStream` class from Chapter 8, Input/Output Facilities. It should be apparent how the example can be extended by plugging in a more powerful encryption class.

#### The Encryption class

First, we'll lay out our plug-in encryption class. We'll define an abstract class called `CryptInputStream` that provides some essentials for our plug-in encrypted protocol. From the `CryptInputStream` we'll create a subclass, `rot13CryptInputStream`, that implements our particular kind of encryption:

    package net.www.protocol.crypt;
    import java.io.*;

    abstract class CryptInputStream extends InputStream {
        InputStream in;
        OutputStream talkBack;
        abstract public void set( InputStream in, OutputStream talkBack );
    }

    class rot13CryptInputStream extends CryptInputStream {

        public void set( InputStream in, OutputStream talkBack ) {
            this.in = new example.io.rot13InputStream( in );
        }
        public int read() throws IOException {
            if ( in == null )
                throw new IOException("No Stream");

            return in.read();
        }
    }

Our `CryptInputStream` class defines a method called `set()` that passes in the `InputStream` it's to translate. Our `URLConnection` calls `set()` after creating an instance of the encryption class. We need a `set()` method because we want to load the encryption class dynamically, and we aren't allowed to pass arguments to the constructor of a class when it's dynamically loaded. We ran into this same restriction in our content handler. In the encryption class, we also provide an `OutputStream`. A more complex kind of encryption might use the `OutputStream` to transfer public-key information. Needless to say, rot13 doesn't, so we'll ignore the `OutputStream` here.

The implementation of `rot13CryptInputStream` is very simple. `set()` just takes the `InputStream` it receives and wraps it with the `rot13InputStream` filter we developed in Chapter 8, Input/Output Facilities. `read()` reads filtered data from the `InputStream`, throwing an exception if `set()` hasn't been called.

#### The URLStreamHandler

Next we'll build our `URLStreamHandler` class. The class name is `Handler`; it extends the abstract `URLStreamHandler` class. This is the class the Java `URL` looks up by converting the protocol name (crypt) into a package name (`net.www.protocol.crypt`). The fully qualified name of this class is `net.www.protocol.crypt.Handler`:

    package net.www.protocol.crypt;

    import java.io.*;
    import java.net.*;

    public class Handler extends URLStreamHandler {
        String cryptype;

        protected void parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int end) {
            int slash = spec.indexOf('/');
            cryptype = spec.substring(start, slash);
            start=slash;
            super.parseURL(u, spec, start, end);
        }

        protected URLConnection openConnection(URL url)
           throws IOException {

            return new CryptURLConnection( url, cryptype );
        }
    }

Java creates an instance of our `URLStreamHandler` when we create a `URL` specifying the crypt protocol. `Handler` has two jobs: to assist in parsing the URL specification strings and to create `CryptURLConnection` objects when it's time to open a connection to the host.

Our `parseURL()` method overrides the `parseURL()` method in the `URLStreamHandler` class. It's called whenever the `URL` constructor sees a URL requesting the crypt protocol. For example:

    URL url = new URL("crypt:rot13//foo.bar.com/file.txt");

`parseURL()` is passed a reference to the `URL` object, the URL specification string, and starting and ending indexes that shows what portion of the URL string we're expected to parse. The `URL` class has already identified the protocol name, otherwise it wouldn't have found our protocol handler. Our version of `parseURL()` retrieves our type identifier from the specification, stores it in the variable `cryptype`, and then passes the rest on to the superclass's `parseURL()` method to complete the job. To find the encryption type, take everything between the starting index we were given and the first slash in the URL string. Before calling `super.parseURL()`, we update the start index, so that it points to the character just after the type specifier. This tells the superclass `parseURL()` that we've already parsed everything prior to the first slash, and it's responsible for the rest.

Before going on, I'll note two other possibilities. If we hadn't hacked the URL string for our own purposes by adding a type specifier, we'd be dealing with a standard URL specification. In this case, we wouldn't need to override `parseURL()`; the default implementation would have been sufficient. It could have sliced the URL into host, port, and filename components normally. On the other hand, if we had created a completely bizarre URL format, we would need to parse the entire string. There would be no point calling `super.parseURL()`; instead, we'd have called the `URLStreamHandler`'s protected method `setURL()` to pass the URL's components back to the `URL` object.

The other method in our `Handler` class is `openConnection()`. After the URL has been completely parsed, the `URL` object calls `openConnection()` to set up the data transfer. `openConnection()` calls the constructor for our `URLConnection` with appropriate arguments. In this case, our `URLConnection` object is named `CryptURLConnection`, and the constructor requires the `URL` and the encryption type as arguments. `parseURL()` picked the encryption type from the URL string and stored it in the `cryptype` variable. `openConnection()` returns a reference to our `URLConnection`, which the `URL` object uses to drive the rest of the process.

#### The URLConnection

Finally, we reach the real guts of our protocol handler, the `URLConnection` class. This is the class that opens the socket, talks to the server on the remote host, and implements the protocol itself. This class doesn't have to be public, so you can put it in the same file as the `Handler` class we just defined. We call our class `Crypt-URLConnection`; it extends the abstract `URLConnection` class. Unlike `ContentHandler` and `StreamURLConnection`, whose names are defined by convention, we can call this class anything we want; the only class that needs to know about the `URLConnection` is the `URLStreamHandler`, which we wrote ourselves.

    class CryptURLConnection extends URLConnection {
        CryptInputStream cis;
        static int defaultPort = 80;

        CryptURLConnection ( URL url, String cryptype )
            throws IOException {
            super( url );
            try {
                String name = "net.www.protocol.crypt." + cryptype
                                   + "CryptInputStream";
                cis = (CryptInputStream)Class.forName(name).newInstance();
            }
            catch ( Exception e ) { }
        }

        synchronized public void connect() throws IOException {
            int port;
            if ( cis == null )
                throw new IOException("Crypt Class Not Found");
            if ( (port = url.getPort()) == -1 )
                port = defaultPort;
            Socket s = new Socket( url.getHost(), port );

            // Send the filename in plaintext
            OutputStream server = s.getOutputStream();
            new PrintStream( server ).println( "GET "+url.getFile() );

            // Initialize the CryptInputStream
            cis.set( s.getInputStream(), server );
            connected = true;
        }

        synchronized public InputStream getInputStream()
           throws IOException {
            if (!connected)
                connect();
            return ( cis );
        }

        public String getContentType() {
            return guessContentTypeFromName( url.getFile() );
        }
    }

The constructor for our `CryptURLConnection` class takes as arguments the destination `URL` and the name of an encryption type. We pass the `URL` on to the constructor of our superclass, which saves it in a protected `url` instance variable. We could have saved the `URL` ourselves, but calling our parent's constructor shields us from possible changes or enhancements to the base class. We use `cryptype` to construct the name of an encryption class, using the convention that the encryption class is in the same package as the protocol handler (i.e., `net.www.protocol.crypt`); its name is the encryption type followed by the suffix `CryptInputStream`.

Once we have a name, we need to create an instance of the encryption class. To do so, we use the static method `Class.forName()` to turn the name into a `Class` object and `newInstance()` to load and instantiate the class. (This is how Java loads the content and protocol handlers themselves.) `newInstance()` returns an `Object`; we need to cast it to something more specific before we can work with it. Therefore, we cast it to our `CryptInputStream` class, the abstract class that `rot13CryptInputStream` extends. If we implement any additional encryption types as extensions to `CryptInputStream` and name them appropriately, they will fit into our protocol handler without modification.

We do the rest of our setup in the `connect()` method of the `URLConnection`. There, we make sure we have an encryption class and open a `Socket` to the appropriate port on the remote host. `getPort()` returns `-1` if the `URL` doesn't specify a port explicitly; in that case we use the default port for an HTTP connection (port 80). We ask for an `OutputStream` on the socket, assemble a `GET` command using the `getFile()` method to discover the filename specified by the URL, and send our request by writing it into the `OutputStream`. (For convenience, we wrap the `OutputStream` with a `PrintStream` and call `println()` to send the message.) We then initialize the `CryptInputStream` class by calling its `set()` method and passing it an `InputStream` from the `Socket` and the `OutputStream`.

The last thing `connect()` does is set the `boolean` variable `connected` to `true`. `connected` is a `protected` variable inherited from the `URLConnection` class. We need to track the state of our connection because `connect()` is a `public` method. It's called by the `URLConnection`'s `getInputStream()` method, but it could also be called by other classes. Since we don't want to start a connection if one already exists, we use `connected` to tell us if this is so.

In a more sophisticated protocol handler, `connect()` would also be responsible for dealing with any protocol headers that come back from the server. In particular, it would probably stash any important information it can deduce from the headers (e.g., MIME type, content length, time stamp) in instance variables, where it's available to other methods. At a minimum, `connect()` strips the headers from the data so the content handler won't see them. I'm being lazy and assuming that we'll connect to a minimal server, like the modified `TinyHttpd` daemon I discuss below, which doesn't bother with any headers.

The bulk of the work has been done; a few details remain. The `URLConnection`'s `getContent()` method needs to figure out which content handler to invoke for this `URL`. In order to compute the content handler's name, `getContent()` needs to know the resource's MIME type. To find out, it calls the `URLConnection`'s `getContentType()` method, which returns the MIME type as a `String`. Our protocol handler overrides `getContentType()`, providing our own implementation.

The `URLConnection` class provides a number of tools to help determine the MIME type. It's possible that the MIME type is conveyed explicitly in a protocol header; in this case, a more sophisticated version of `connect()` would have stored the MIME type in a convenient location for us. Some servers don't bother to insert the appropriate headers, though, so you can use the method `guessContentTypeFromName()` to examine filename extensions, like .gif or .html, and map them to MIME types. In the worst case, you can use `guessContentTypeFromStream()` to intuit the MIME type from the raw data. The Java developers call this method "a disgusting hack" that shouldn't be needed, but that is unfortunately necessary "in a world where HTTP servers lie about content types and extensions are often nonstandard." We'll take the easy way out and use the `guessContentTypeFromName()` utility of the `URLConnection` class to determine the MIME type from the filename extension of the URL we are retrieving.

Once the `URLConnection` has found a content handler, it calls the content handler's `getContent()` method. The content handler then needs to get an `InputStream` from which to read the data. To find an `InputStream`, it calls the `URLConnection`'s `getInputStream()` method. `getInputStream()` returns an `InputStream` from which its caller can read the data after protocol processing is finished. It checks whether a connection is already established; if not, it calls `connect()` to make the connection. Then it returns a reference to our `CryptInputStream`.

A final note on getting the content type: if you read the documentation, it's clear that the Java developers had some ideas about how to find the content type. The `URLConnection`'s default `getContentType()` calls `getHeaderField()`, which is presumably supposed to extract the named field from the protocol headers (it would probably spit back information `connect()` had stored in protected variables). The problem is there's no way to implement `getHeaderField()` if you don't know the protocol, and since the Java developers were designing a general mechanism for working with protocols, they couldn't make any assumptions. Therefore, the default implementation of `getHeaderField()` returns `null`; you have to override it to make it do anything interesting. Why wasn't it an abstract method? I can only guess, but making `getHeaderField()` abstract would have forced everyone building a protocol handler to implement it, whether or not they actually needed it.

#### The application

We're almost ready to try out a crypt URL! We still need an application (a mini-browser, if you will) to use our protocol handler, and a server to serve data with our protocol. If HotJava were available, we wouldn't need to write the application ourselves; in the meantime, writing this application will teach us a little about how a Java-capable browser works. Our application is similar to the application we wrote to test the `x_tar` content handler.

Because we're working in a standalone application, we have to tell Java how to find our protocol-handler classes. Java relies on a `java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory` object to take a protocol name and return an instance of the appropriate handler. The `URLStreamHandlerFactory` is very similar to the `ContentHandlerFactory` we saw earlier. We'll provide a trivial implementation that knows only our particular handler. Again, if we were using our protocol handler with HotJava, this step would not be necessary; HotJava has its own stream-handler factory that tells it where to find handlers. To get HotJava to read files with our new protocol, we'd only have to put our protocol handler in the right place. (Note too, that an applet running in HotJava can use any of the methods in the `URL` class and therefore can use the content- and protocol-handler mechanism; applets would also rely on HotJava's stream-handler and content-xhandler factories.)

Here's our `StreamHandlerFactory` and sample application:

    import java.net.*;

    class OurURLStreamHandlerFactory implements URLStreamHandlerFactory {
        public URLStreamHandler createURLStreamHandler(String protocol) {
            if ( protocol.equalsIgnoreCase("crypt") )
                return new net.www.protocol.crypt.Handler();
            else
                return null;
        }
    }

    class CryptURLTest {
        public static void main( String argv[] ) throws Exception {

            URL.setURLStreamHandlerFactory(
                new OurURLStreamHandlerFactory());

            URL url = new URL("crypt:rot13//foo.bar.com:1234/myfile.txt");
            System.out.println( url.getContent() );
        }
    }

The `CryptURLTest` class installs our factory and reads a document via the new "crypt:rot13" URL. (In the example, we have assumed that a rot13 server is running on port 1234 on the host foo.bar.com.) When the `CryptURLTest` application calls the `URL`'s `getContent()` method, it automatically finds our protocol handler, which decodes the file.

`OurURLStreamHandlerFactory` is really quite simple. It implements the `URLStreamHandlerFactory` interface, which requires a single method called `createURLStreamHandler()`. In our case, this method checks whether the protocol's name is crypt ; if so, the method returns an instance of our encryption protocol handler, `net.www.protocol.crypt.Handler`. For any other protocol name, it returns `null`. If we were writing a browser and needed to implement a more general factory, we would compute a class name from the protocol name, check to see if that class exists, and return an instance of that class.

#### The server

We still need a rot13 server. Since the crypt protocol is nothing more than HTTP with some encryption added, we can make a rot13 server by modifying one line of the `TinyHttpd` server we developed earlier, so that it spews its files in rot13. Just change the line that reads the data from the file:

    f.read( data );

To instead read through a `rot13InputStream`:

    new example.io.rot13InputStream( f ).read( data );

I assume you placed the `rot13InputStream` example in a package called `example.io`, and that it's somewhere in your class path. Now recompile and run the server. It automatically encodes the files before sending them; our sample application decodes them on the other end.

I hope that this example and the rest of this chapter have given you some food for thought. Content and protocol handlers are among the most exciting ideas in Java. It's unfortunate that we have to wait for future releases of HotJava and Netscape to take full advantage of them. In the meantime, you can experiment and implement your own applications.

Writing a Content Handler |  | Understand the Abstract Windowing Toolkit