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| Appendix B |

# B. The UTF-8 Encoding

Internally, Java always represents Unicode characters with 16 bits. However, this is an inefficient use of bits when most of the characters being used only need eight bits or less to be represented, which is the case for text written in English and a number of other languages. The UTF-8 encoding provides a more compact way of representing sequences of Unicode when most of the characters are 7-bit ASCII characters. Therefore, UTF-8 is often a more efficient way of storing or transmitting text than using 16 bits for every character.

The UTF-8 encoding is a variable-width encoding of Unicode characters. Seven-bit ASCII characters (`\u0000`-`\u007F`) are represented in one byte, so they remain untouched by the encoding (i.e., a string of ASCII characters is a legal UTF-8 string). Characters in the range `\u0080`-`\u07FF` are represented in two bytes, and characters in the range `\u0800`-`\uFFFF` are represented in three bytes. Java actually uses a slightly modified version of UTF-8, since it encodes `\u0000` using two bytes. The advantage of this approach is that a UTF-8 encoded string never contains a null character.

Java provides support for reading characters in the UTF-8 encoding with the `readUTF()` methods in `RandomAccessFile`, `DataInputStream`, and `ObjectInputStream` . The `writeUTF()` methods in `RandomAccessFile`, `DataOutputStream`, and `ObjectOutputStream` handle writing characters in the UTF-8 encoding.

The UTF-8 encoding begins with an unsigned 16-bit quantity that indicates the number of bytes of data that follow. This length value is in the format read by the `readUnsignedShort()` methods the above input classes and written by the `writeUnsignedShort()` methods in the above output classes.

The rest of the bytes are variable-length characters. A 1-byte character always has its high-order bit set to 0. A 2-byte character always begins with the high-order bits `110`, while a 3-byte character starts with the high-order bits `1110`. The second and third bytes of 2- and 3-byte characters always have their high-order bits set to `10`, which makes them easy to distinguish from 1-byte characters and the initial bytes of 2- and 3-byte characters. This encoding scheme leaves room for seven bits of data in 1-byte characters, 11 bits of data in 2-byte characters, and 16 bits of data in 3-byte characters.

The table below summarizes the UTF-8 encoding:

Bytes in | Minimum | Maximum | # of | Binary Byte Sequence
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Character | Character | Character | Data Bits | (`x` = data bit)
1 | `\u0000` | `\u007F` | 7 | `0xxxxxxx`
2 | `\u0080` | `\u07FF` | 11 | `110xxxxx 10xxxxxx`
3 | `\u0800` | `\uFFFF` | 16 | `1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx`

The Unicode 2.0 Character Set |  |