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| Chapter 6 Statements and Control Structures |

## 6.12 The try Statement

A `try` statement provides a way to catch exceptions and execute clean-up code for a block:

A `try` statement contains a block of code to be executed. A `try` statement can have any number of optional `catch` clauses; these clauses act as exception handlers for the `try` block. A `try` statement can also have a `finally` clause. If present, the `finally` block is always executed before control leaves the `try` statement, so it is a good place to supply clean-up code for the `try` block. Note that a `try` statement must have either a `catch` clause or a `finally` clause.

Here is an example of a `try` statement that includes a `catch` clause and a `finally` clause:

    try {
        out.write(b);
    } catch (IOException e) {
        System.out.println("Output Error");
    } finally {
        out.close();
    }

If `out.write()` throws an `IOException`, the exception is caught by the `catch` clause. Regardless of whether `out.write()` returns normally or throws an exception, the `finally` block is executed, which ensures that `out.close()` is always called.

A `try` statement begins by executing the block that follows the keyword `try`. If an exception is thrown from within the `try` block and the `try` statement has any `catch` clauses, those clauses are searched in order for one that can handle the exception. A `catch` clause can handle an exception if the ClassOrInterfaceName specified in the clause is the same class as or a superclass of the object specified in the `throw` statement that caused the exception. The ClassOrInterfaceName specified in a catch clause must be `Throwable` or be one of its subclasses. If a `catch` clause handles an exception, that `catch` block is executed.

If an exception is thrown from within the `try` block and the `try` statement does not have any `catch` clauses that can handle the exception, the exception propagates up to the next enclosing `try` statement. An exception also propagates up if it is thrown from within a `catch`block in a `try` statement.

The identifier specified in parentheses for the `catch` clause is defined as a local variable within the `catch` block. The local variable is initialized to refer to the thrown object, in a manner that is similar to the way it which formal parameters for a method are handled. This means that an identifier in a `catch` clause cannot have the same name as a local variable or formal parameter that is defined in an enclosing block. If the `catch` parameter is declared as `final`, any assignment to that parameter in the `catch` block generates an error. The syntax for specifying `final` `catch` parameters is not supported prior to Java 1.1.

Any `catch` clauses in a `try` statement are checked in sequence to see if they can handle a given exception. Thus, the order in which `catch` clauses appear is important. In essence, more specific `catch` clauses should appear before more general `catch` clauses. Figure 6.1 shows the inheritance hierarchy for a few of the classes of objects that can be thrown in Java.

#### Figure 6.1: Some exception classes in Java

Based on the classes shown in Figure 6.1, consider the following example:

    try {
        System.out.write(b);
    } catch (InterruptedIOException e) { ...
    } catch (IOException e) { ...
    } catch (Exception e) { ...
    }

The `catch` clauses in this example appear in order from most specific to least specific. That means that if an `InterruptedIOException` were thrown, it would be caught by the first `catch` clause. Similarly, an `IOException` would be caught by the second `catch` clause and an `Exception` would be caught by the third clause. If, however, the `catch` clause for `Exception` appeared first, neither of the other `catch` clauses would ever be executed because the `catch` clause for `Exception` would catch all of the exceptions.

If a `try` statement includes a `finally` clause, the `finally` block is always executed before control leaves the `try` statement. There are two different ways that control can leave a `try` statement:

- The `try` statement completes normally. Normal completion occurs when all of the statements in the `try` block have been executed, so that control falls out of the bottom of the `try` block. Normal completion can also occur when an exception is thrown in the `try` block, as long as the exception is handled by a `catch` clause in the `try` statement.

- The `try` statement completes abruptly, due to an attempted control transfer out of the `try` block. A `break`, `continue`, or `return` statement in the `try` block causes an abrupt completion. In addition, abrupt completion can occur when an exception occurs and is not handled by a `catch` clause in the `try` statement, since the exception propagates out of the `try` block.

If a `try` statement completes normally and it does not have a `finally` clause, the statement following the `try` statement is the next statement to be executed. However, if the `try` statement does have a `finally` clause, the `finally` block is executed first, before control can be transferred to the statement following the `try` statement. If the `finally` block contains a `break`, `continue`, `return`, or `throw` statement, the pending control transfer is forgotten and control is instead transferred to the target of the `break`, `continue`, `return`, or `throw` statement in the `finally` block.

If a `try` statement completes abruptly and it does not have a `finally` clause, the control transfer out of the `try` block takes place immediately. However, if the `try` statement does have a `finally` clause, the `finally` block is executed first, before the control transfer can take place. If the `finally` block contains a `break`, `continue`, `return`, or `throw` statement, the pending control transfer is forgotten and control is instead transferred to the target of the `break`, `continue`, `return`, or `throw` statement in the `finally` block.

References Blocks; Exception Handling 9; Expression 4; Identifiers; The break Statement; The continue Statement; The return Statement; The throw Statement; Throwable Type 3;

The throw Statement |  | The synchronized Statement