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| Chapter 13 Java Syntax |

## 13.3 Operators

Operators lists the operators of the Java language, along with their precedence, operand types, and associativity.

Table 13.3: Java Operators
Prec. | Operator | Operand Type(s) | Assoc. | Operation Performed
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | ++ | arithmetic | R | pre-or-post increment (unary)
| -- | arithmetic | R | pre-or-post decrement (unary)
| +, - | arithmetic | R | unary plus, unary minus
| ~ | integral | R | bitwise complement (unary)
| ! | boolean | R | logical complement (unary)
| (type) | any | R | cast
2 | *, /, % | arithmetic | L | multiplication, division, remainder
3 | +, - | arithmetic | L | addition, subtraction
| + | string | L | string concatenation
4 | << | integral | L | left shift
| >> | integral | L | right shift with sign extension
| >>> | integral | L | right shift with zero extension
5 | <, <= | arithmetic | L | less than, less than or equal
| >, >= | arithmetic | L | greater than, greater than or equal
| instanceof | object, type | L | type comparison
6 | == | primitive | L | equal (have identical values)
| != | primitive | L | not equal (have different values)
| == | object | L | equal (refer to same object)
| != | object | L | not equal (refer to different objects)
7 | & | integral | L | bitwise AND
| & | boolean | L | boolean AND
8 | ^ | integral | L | bitwise XOR
| ^ | boolean | L | boolean XOR
9 | | | integral | L | bitwise OR
| | | boolean | L | boolean OR
10 | && | boolean | L | conditional AND
11 | || | boolean | L | conditional OR
12 | ?: | boolean, any, any | R | conditional (ternary) operator
13 | = | variable, any | R | assignment
| *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, >>>=, &=, ^=, |= | variable, any | R | assignment with operation

Operator precedence controls the order in which operations are performed. Consider the following example:

    w = x + y * z;

The multiplication operator `*` has a higher precedence than the addition operator `+`, so the multiplication is performed before the addition. Furthermore, the assignment operator `=` has the lowest precedence of any operator, so the assignment is done after all the operations on the right-hand side are performed. Operators with the same precedence (like addition and subtraction) are performed in order according to their associativity (usually left-to-right). Operator precedence can be overridden with the explicit use of parentheses. For example:

    w = (x + y) * z;

The associativity of an operator specifies the order that operations of the same precedence are performed in. In Table 13.3 a value of L specifies left-to-right associativity, and a value of R specifies right-to-left associativity. Left-to-right associativity means that operations are performed left-to-right. For example:

    w = x + y + z;

is the same as:

    w = ((x + y) + z);

because the addition operator has left-to-right associativity. On the other hand, the following expressions:

    x = ~-~y;
    q = a?b:c?d:e?f:g;

are equivalent to:

    x = ~(-(~y));
    q = a?b:(c?d:(e?f:g));

because the unary operators and the ternary conditional `?:` operator have right-to-left associativity.

Java operators are basically identical to C operators, except for these differences:

- The `+` operator applied to `String` values concatenates them. If only one operand of `+` is a `String`, the other one is converted to a string. The conversion is done automatically for primitive types and by calling the `toString` method of non-primitive types.

- Java does not have the comma operator like C does. It does, however, simulate this operator in the limited context of the `for` loop initialization and increment expressions.

- Since all Java integral types are signed, the `>>` operator always does a signed right shift, filling in high bits with the sign bit of the operand. The new `>>>` operator performs an unsigned right shift, filling in high bits of the shifted value with zero bits.

- The `&` and `|` operators perform bitwise AND and OR operations on integral operands, and perform logical AND and OR operators on `boolean` operands. `&&` and `||` also perform logical AND and OR on `boolean` operands, but do not evaluate the right-hand operand, if the result of the operation is fully determined by the left-hand operand.

- The `instanceof` operator returns `true` if the object on the left-hand side is an instance of the class or implements the interface on the right-hand side. Otherwise it returns `false`. If the left-hand side is `null`, it returns `false`.

Character Escape Sequences |  | Modifiers