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| Chapter 3 Classes and Objects in Java |

## 3.8 Data Hiding and Encapsulation

We started this chapter by describing a class as "a collection of data and methods." One of the important object-oriented techniques that we haven't discussed so far is hiding the data within the class, and making it available only through the methods. This technique is often known as encapsulation, because it seals the class's data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it can be accessed only by trusted users--i.e., by the methods of the class.

Why would you want to do this? The most important reason is to hide the internal implementation details of your class. If you prevent programmers from relying on those details, then you can safely modify the implementation without worrying that you will break existing code that uses the class.

Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class often contains a number of variables that are interdependent and must be in a consistent state. If you allow a programmer (this may be you yourself) to manipulate those variables directly, she may change one variable without changing important related variables, thus leaving the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, she had to call a method to change the variable, that method can be sure to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent.

Here's another way to think about encapsulation: When all of a class's variables are hidden, the class's methods define the only possible operations that can be performed on objects of that class. Once you have carefully tested and debugged your methods, you can be confident that the class will work as expected. On the other hand, if all the variables can be directly manipulated, the number of possibilities you have to test becomes unmanageable.

There are other reasons to hide data, too:

- Internal variables that are visible externally to the class just clutter up your class's API. Keeping visible variables to a minimum keeps your class tidy and elegant.

- If a variable is visible in your class, you have to document it. Save time by hiding it instead!

### Visibility Modifiers

In most of our examples so far, you've probably noticed the `public` keyword being used. When applied to a class, it means that the class is visible everywhere. When applied to a method or variable, it means that the method or variable is visible everywhere.

To hide variables (or methods, for that matter) you just have to declare them `private`:

    public class Laundromat {       // People can use this class.
        private Laundry[] dirty;    // They can't see this internal variable,
        public void wash() { ... }  // but they can use these public methods
        public void dry() { ... }   // to manipulate the internal variable.
    }

A `private` field of a class is visible only in methods defined within that class. (Or, in Java 1.1, in classes defined within the class.) Similarly, a `private` method may only be invoked by methods within the class (or methods of classes within the class). Private members are not visible within subclasses, and are not inherited by subclasses as other members are. [11] Of course, non-`private` methods that invoke `private` methods internally are inherited and may be invoked by subclasses.

> [11] Every object does, of course, have its own copy of all fields of all superclasses, including the `private` fields. The methods defined by the object can never refer to or use the `private` fields of superclasses, however, and so we say that those fields are not inherited.

Besides `public` and `private`, Java has two other visibility levels: `protected` and the default visibility level, "package visibility," which applies if none of the `public`, `private`, and `protected` keywords are used.

A `protected` member of a class is visible within the class where it is defined, of course, and within all subclasses of the class, and also within all classes that are in the same package as that class. You should use `protected` visibility when you want to hide fields and methods from code that uses your class, but want those fields and methods to be fully accessible to code that extends your class.

The default package visibility is more restrictive than `protected`, but less restrictive than `private`. If a class member is not declared with any of the `public`, `private`, or `protected` keywords, then it is visible only within the class that defines it and within classes that are part of the same package. It is not visible to subclasses unless those subclasses are part of the same package.

A note about packages: A package is a group of related and possibly cooperating classes. All non-`private` members of all classes in the package are visible to all other classes in the package. This is okay because the classes are assumed to know about, and trust, each other. [12] The only time difficulty arises is when you write programs without a `package` statement. These classes are thrown into a default package with other `package`-less classes, and all their non-`private` members are visible throughout the package. (The default package usually consists of all classes in the current working directory.)

> [12] If you're a C++ programmer, you can say that classes within the same package are `friend`-ly to each other.

There is an important point to make about subclass access to `protected` members. A subclass inherits the `protected` members of its superclass, but it can only access those members through instances of itself, not directly in instances of the superclass. Suppose, for example, that `A`, `B`, and `C` are `public` classes, each defined in a different package, and that `a`, `b`, and `c` are instances of those classes. Let `B` be a subclass of `A`, and `C` be a subclass of `B`. Now, if `A` has a `protected` field `x`, then the class B inherits that field, and its methods can use `this.x`, `b.x` and `c.x`. But it cannot access `a.x`. Similarly, if `A` has a `protected` method `f()`, then the methods of class `B` can invoke `this.f()`, `b.f()`, and `c.f()`, but they cannot invoke `a.f()`.

Table 3.1 shows the circumstances under which class members of the various visibility types are accessible to other classes.

Table 3.1: Class Member Accessibility
Accessible to: | public | protected | package | private
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Same class | yes | yes | yes | yes
Class in same package | yes | yes | yes | no
Subclass in different package | yes | yes | no | no
Non-subclass, different package | yes | no | no | no

The details of member visibility in Java can become quite confusing. Here are some simple rules of thumb for using visibility modifiers:

- Use `public` only for methods and constants that form part of the public API of the class. Certain very important or very frequently used fields may also be `public`, but it is common practice to make fields non-`public` and encapsulate them with `public` accessor methods.

- Use `protected` for fields and methods that aren't necessary to use the class, but that may be of interest to anyone creating a subclass as part of a different package.

- Use the default package visibility for fields and methods that you want to be hidden outside of the package, but which you want cooperating classes within the same package to have access to.

- Use `private` for fields and methods that are only used inside the class and should be hidden everywhere else.

Note that you can't take advantage of package visibility unless you use the `package` statement to group your related classes into packages. See Chapter 13, Java Syntax, Java Syntax, for a table that summarizes the Java visibility modifiers and other modifiers.

### Data Access Methods

In the `Circle` example we've been using, we've declared the circle position and radius to be `public` fields. In fact, the `Circle` class is one where it may well make sense to keep those visible--it is a simple enough class, with no dependencies between the variables.

On the other hand, suppose we wanted to impose a maximum radius on objects of the `Circle` class. Then it would be better to hide the `r` variable so that it could not be set directly. Instead of a visible `r` variable, we'd implement a `setRadius()` method that verifies that the specified radius isn't too large and then sets the `r` variable internally. Example 3.14 shows how we might implement `Circle` with encapsulated data and a restriction on radius size. For convenience, we use `protected` fields for the radius and position variables. This means that subclasses of `Circle`, or cooperating classes within the `shapes` package are able to access these variables directly. To any other classes, however, the variables are hidden. Also, note the `private` constant and method used to check whether a specified radius is legal. And finally, notice the `public` methods that allow you to set and query the values of the instance variables.

#### Example 3.14: Hiding Variables in the Circle Class

    package shapes;             // Specify a package for the class.
    public class Circle {       // Note that the class is still public!
        protected double x, y;  // Position is hidden, but visible to subclasses.
        protected double r;     // Radius is hidden, but visible to subclasses.
        private static final double MAXR = 100.0;    // Maximum radius (constant).
        private boolean check_radius(double r) { return (r <= MAXR); }
        // Public constructors
        public Circle(double x, double y, double r) {
            this.x = x; this.y = y;
            if (check_radius(r)) this.r = r;
            else this.r = MAXR;
        }
        public Circle(double r) { this(0.0, 0.0, r); }
        public Circle() { this(0.0, 0.0, 1.0); }
        // Public data access methods
        public void moveto(double x, double y) { this.x = x; this.y = y;}
        public void move(double dx, double dy) { x += dx;  y += dy; }
        public void setRadius(double r) { this.r = (check_radius(r))?r:MAXR; }
        // Declare these trivial methods final so we don't get dynamic
        // method lookup and so that they can be inlined by the compiler.
        public final double getX() { return x; };
        public final double getY() { return y; };
        public final double getRadius() { return r; };
    }

Overriding Methods |  | Abstract Classes and Interfaces