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| Chapter 9 Pick Me |

## 9.2 Lists

Like the `Choice` component, the `List` provides a way to present your user with a fixed sequence of choices to select. However, with `List`, several items can be displayed at a time on the screen. A `List` can also allow multiple selection, so that more than one choice can be selected.

Normally, a scrollbar is associated with the `List` to enable the user to move to the items that do not fit on the screen. On some platforms, the `List` may not display the scrollbar if there is enough room to display all choices. A `List` can be resized by the `LayoutManager` according to the space available. Figure 9.2 shows two lists, one of which has no items to display.

### List Methods

Constructors

public List ()

  This constructor creates an empty `List` with four visible lines. You must rely on the current `LayoutManager` to resize the `List` or override the `preferredSize()` (version 1.0) or `getPreferredSize()` (version 1.1) method to affect the size of the displayed `List`. A `List` created with this constructor is in single-selection mode, so the user can select only one item at a time.

public List (int rows)

  This constructor creates a `List` that has `rows` visible lines. This is just a request; the `LayoutManager` is free to adjust the height of the `List` to some other amount based upon available space. A `List` created with this constructor is in single-selection mode, so the user will be able to select only one item at a time.

public List (int rows, boolean multipleSelections)

  The final constructor for `List` creates a `List` that has `rows` visible lines. This is just a request; the `LayoutManager` is free to adjust the height of the `List` to some other amount based upon available space. If `multipleSelections` is `true`, this `List` permits multiple items to be selected. If `false`, this is a single-selection list.

#### Figure 9.2: Two lists; the list on the right is empty

Content control

public int getItemCount ()
public int countItems ()

  The `getItemCount()` method returns the length of the list. The length of the list is the number of items in the list, not the number of visible rows.

  `countItems()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public String getItem (int index)

  The `getItem()` method returns the `String` representation for the item at position `index`. The `String` is the parameter passed to the `addItem()` or `add()` method.

public String[] getItems ()

  The `getItems()` method returns a `String` array that contains all the elements in the `List`. This method does not care if an item is selected or not.

public synchronized void add (String item)
public synchronized void addItem (String item)

  The `add()` method adds `item` as the last entry in the `List`. If `item` already exists in the list, this method adds it again.

  `addItem()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public synchronized void add (String item, int index)
public synchronized void addItem (String item, int index)

  This version of the `add()` method has an additional parameter, `index`, which specifies where to add `item` to the `List`. If `index` `< 0` or `index >=` `getItemCount()`, `item` is added to the end of the `List`. The position count is zero based, so if `index` is 0, it will be added as the first item.

  `addItem()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public synchronized void replaceItem (String newItem, int index)

  The `replaceItem()` method replaces the contents at position `index` with `newItem`. If the item at `index` has been selected, `newItem` will not be selected.

public synchronized void removeAll ()
public synchronized void clear ()

  The `removeAll()` method clears out all the items in the list.

  `clear()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

> NOTE:

Early versions ( Java1.0) of the `clear()` method did not work reliably across platforms. You were better off calling the method `listVar.delItems(0, listVar.countItems()-1)`, where `listVar` is your `List` instance.

public synchronized void remove (String item)

  The `remove()` method removes `item` from the list of available choices. If `item` appears in the `List` several times, only the first instance is removed. If `item` is `null`, `remove()` throws the run-time exception `NullPointerException`. If `item` is not found in the `List`, `remove()` throws the `IllegalArgumentException` run-time exception.

public synchronized void remove (int position)
public synchronized void delItem (int position)

  The `remove()` method removes the entry at `position` from the `List`. If `position` is invalid--either `position` < 0 or `position` >= `getItemCount()`--`remove()` throws the `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` run-time exception with a message indicating that `position` was invalid.

  `delItem()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public synchronized void delItems (int start, int end)

  The `delItems()` method removes entries from position `start` to position `end` from the `List`. If either parameter is invalid--either `start` < 0 or `end` >= `getItemCount()`--`delItems()` throws the `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` run-time exception with a message indicating which position was invalid. If `start` is greater than `end`, nothing happens.

Selection and positioning

public synchronized int getSelectedIndex ()

  The `getSelectedIndex()` method returns the position of the selected item. If nothing is selected in the `List`, `getSelectedIndex()` returns -1. The value -1 is also returned if the `List` is in multiselect mode and multiple items are selected. For multiselection lists, use `getSelectedIndexes()` instead.

public synchronized int[] getSelectedIndexes ()

  The `getSelectedIndexes()` method returns an integer array of the selected items. If nothing is selected, the array will be empty.

public synchronized String getSelectedItem ()

  The `getSelectedItem()` method returns the label of the selected item. The label is the string used in the `add()` or `addItem()` call. If nothing is selected in the `List`, `getSelectedItem()` returns `null`. The return value is also `null` if `List` is in multiselect mode and multiple items are selected. For multiselection lists, use `getSelectedItems()` instead.

public synchronized String[] getSelectedItems ()

  The `getSelectedItems()` method returns a `String` array of the selected items. If nothing is selected, the array is empty.

public synchronized Object[] getSelectedObjects ()

  The `getSelectedObjects()` method returns the results of the method `getSelectedItems()` as an `Object` array instead of a `String` array, to conform to the `ItemSelectable` interface. If nothing is selected, the returned array is empty.

public synchronized void select (int index)

  The `select()` method selects the item at position `index`, which is zero based. If the `List` is in single-selection mode, any other selected item is deselected. If the `List` is in multiple-selection mode, calling this method has no effect on the other selections. The item at position `index` is made visible.

> NOTE:

A negative index seems to select everything within the `List`. This seems more like an irregularity than a feature to rely upon.

public synchronized void deselect (int index)

  The `deselect()` method deselects the item at position `index`, which is zero based. `deselect()` does not reposition the visible elements.

public boolean isIndexSelected (int index)
public boolean isSelected (int index)

  The `isIndexSelected()` method checks whether `index` is currently selected. If it is, `isIndexSelected()` returns `true`; otherwise, it returns `false`.

  `isSelected()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public boolean isMultipleMode ()
public boolean allowsMultipleSelections ()

  The `isMultipleMode()` method returns the current state of the `List`. If the `List` is in multiselection mode, `isMultipleMode()` returns `true`; otherwise, it returns `false`.

  `allowsMultipleSelections()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public void setMultipleMode (boolean value)
public void setMultipleSelections (boolean value)

  The `setMultipleMode()` method allows you to change the current state of a `List` from one selection mode to the other. The currently selected items change when this happens. If `value` is `true` and the `List` is going from single- to multiple-selection mode, the selected item gets deselected. If `value` is `false` and the `List` is going from multiple to single, the last item physically selected remains selected (the last item clicked on in the list, not the item with the highest index). If there was no selected item, the first item in the list becomes selected, or the last item that was deselected becomes selected. If staying within the same mode, `setMultipleMode()` has no effect on the selected items.

  `setMultipleSelections()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public void makeVisible (int index)

  The `makeVisible()` method ensures that the item at position `index` is displayed on the screen. This is useful if you want to make sure a certain entry is displayed when another action happens on the screen.

public int getVisibleIndex ()

  The `getVisibleIndex()` method returns the last index from a call to the method `makeVisible()`. If `makeVisible()` was never called, -1 is returned.

Sizing

public int getRows ()

  The `getRows()` method returns the number of rows passed to the constructor of the `List`. It does not return the number of visible rows. To get a rough idea of the number of visible rows, compare the `getSize()` of the component with the results of `getPreferredSize(getRows())`.

public Dimension getPreferredSize (int rows)
public Dimension preferredSize (int rows)

  The `getPreferredSize()` method returns the preferable `Dimension` (width and height) for the size of a `List` with a height of `rows`. The `rows` specified may be different from the rows designated in the constructor.

  `preferredSize()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public Dimension getPreferredSize ()
public Dimension preferredSize ()

  The `getPreferredSize()` method returns the `Dimension` (width and height) for the preferred size of the `List`. Without the rows parameter, this version of `getPreferredSize()` uses the constructor's number of rows to calculate the `List`'s preferred size.

  `preferredSize()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public Dimension getMiminumSize (int rows)
public Dimension minimumSize (int rows)

  The `getMinimumSize()` method returns the minimum `Dimension` (width and height) for the size of a `List` with a height of `rows`. The `rows` specified may be different from the rows designated in the constructor. For a `List`, `getMinimumSize()` and `getPreferredSize()` should return the same dimensions.

  `minimumSize()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

public Dimension getMiminumSize ()
public Dimension minimumSize ()

  The `getMinimumSize()` method returns the minimum `Dimension` (width and height) for the size of the `List`. Without the rows parameter, this `getMinimumSize()` uses the constructor's number of rows to calculate the `List`'s minimum size.

  `minimumSize()` is the Java 1.0 name for this method.

Miscellaneous methods

public synchronized void addNotify ()

  The `addNotify()` method creates the `List` peer. If you override this method, call `super.addNotify()` first, then add your customizations for the new class. You will then be able to do everything you need with the information about the newly created peer.

public synchronized void removeNotify ()

  The `removeNotify()` method destroys the peer of the `List` and removes it from the screen. Prior to the `List` peer's destruction, the last selected entry is saved. If you override this method for a specific `List`, issue the particular commands that you need for your new object, then call `super.removeNotify()` last.

protected String paramString ()

  When you call the `toString()` method of `List`, the default `toString()` method of `Component` is called. This in turn calls `paramString()`, which builds up the string to display. At the `List` level, the currently selected item (`getSelectedItem()`) is appended to the output. Using Figure 9.2 as an example, the results would be the following:

    java.awt.List[0,34,107x54,selected=null]

### List Events

The primary event for a `List` occurs when the user selects an item in the list. With the 1.0 event model, double-clicking a selection causes an `ACTION_EVENT` and triggers the `action()` method, while single-clicking causes a `LIST_SELECT` or `LIST_DESELECT` event. Once the `List` has the input focus, it is possible to change the selection by using the arrow or keyboard keys. The arrow keys scroll through the list of choices, triggering the `KEY_ACTION`, `LIST_SELECT`, `LIST_DESELECT`, and `KEY_ACTION_RELEASE` events, and thus the `keyDown()`, `handleEvent()`, and `keyUp()` methods (no specific method gets called for `LIST_SELECT` and `LIST_DESELECT`). `action()` is called only when the user double-clicks on an item with the mouse. If the mouse is used to scroll through the list, no mouse events are triggered; `ACTION_EVENT` is generated only when the user double-clicks on an item.

With the 1.1 event model, you register an `ItemListener` with `addItemListener()` or an `ActionListener` with the `addActionListener()` method. When the user selects the `List`, either the `ItemListener.itemStateChanged()` method or the `ActionListener.actionPerformed()` method is called through the protected `List.processItemEvent()` method or `List.processActionEvent()` method. Key, mouse, and focus listeners are registered through the three `Component` methods of `addKeyListener()`, `addMouseListener()`, and `addFocusListener()`, respectively. Action

public boolean action (Event e, Object o)

  The `action()` method for a `List` is called when the user double-clicks on any item in the `List`. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `o` is the label for the item selected, from the `add()` or `addItem()` call. If `List` is in multiple-selection mode, you might not wish to catch this event because it's not clear whether the user wanted to choose the item just selected or all of the items selected. You can solve this problem by putting a multi-selecting list next to a `Button` that the user presses when the selection process is finished. Capture the event generated by the `Button`. The following example shows how to set up and handle a list in this manner, with the display shown in Figure 9.3. In this example, I just print out the selections to prove that I captured them.

    import java.awt.*;
    import java.applet.*;
    public class list3 extends Applet {
       List l;
       public void init () {
            String fonts[];
            fonts = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getFontList();
            l = new List(4, true);
            for (int i = 0; i < fonts.length; i++) {
                l.addItem (fonts[i]);
            }
            setLayout (new BorderLayout (10, 10));
            add ("North", new Label ("Pick Font Set"));
            add ("Center", l);
            add ("South", new Button ("Submit"));
            resize (preferredSize());
            validate();
       }
       public boolean action (Event e, Object o) {
            if (e.target instanceof Button) {
                 String chosen[] = l.getSelectedItems();
                 for (int i=0;i<chosen.length;i++)
                    System.out.println (chosen[i]);
            }
            return false;
       }
    }

#### Figure 9.3: Multiselect List

Keyboard

Ordinarily, `List` generates all the `KEY` events once it has the input focus. But the way it handles keyboard input differs slightly depending upon the selection mode of the list. Furthermore, each platform offers slightly different behavior, so code that depends on keyboard events in `List` is not portable. One strategy is to take advantage of the keyboard events when they are available but allow for another way of managing the list in case they are not.

public boolean keyDown (Event e, int key)

  The `keyDown()` method is called whenever the user presses a key while the `List` has the input focus. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `key` is the integer representation of the character pressed. The identifier for the event (`e.id`) for `keyDown()` could be either `KEY_PRESS` for a regular key or `KEY_ACTION` for an action-oriented key (i.e., arrow or function key). If you check the current selection in this method through `getSelectedItem()` or `getSelectedIndex()`, you will actually be told the previously selected item because the `List`'s selection has not changed yet. `keyDown()` is not called when the user selects items with the mouse.

public boolean keyUp (Event e, int key)

  The `keyUp()` method is called whenever the user releases a key while the `List` has the input focus. `e` is the `Event` instance for the specific event, while `key` is the integer representation of the character pressed. The identifier for the event (`e.id`) for `keyUp()` could be either `KEY_RELEASE` for a regular key or `KEY_ACTION_RELEASE` for an action-oriented key (i.e., arrow or function key).

Mouse

Ordinarily, the `List` component does not trigger any mouse events. Double-clicking the mouse over any element in the list generates an `ACTION_EVENT`. Single-clicking could result in either a `LIST_SELECT` or `LIST_DESELECT`, depending on the mode of the `List` and the current state of the item chosen. When the user changes the selection with the mouse, the `ACTION_EVENT` is posted only when an item is double-clicked. List

There is a special pair of events for lists: `LIST_SELECT` and `LIST_DESELECT`. No special method is called when these events are triggered. However, you can catch them in the `handleEvent()` method. If the `List` is in single-selection mode, a `LIST_SELECT` event is generated whenever the user selects one of the items in the `List`. In multiple-selection mode, you will get a `LIST_SELECT` event when an element gets selected and a `LIST_DESELECT` event when it is deselected. The following code shows how to use this event type.

    public boolean handleEvent (Event e) {
        if (e.id == Event.LIST_SELECT) {
            System.out.println ("Selected item: " + e.arg);
            return true;
        } else {
            return super.handleEvent (e);
        }
    }

Focus

Normally, the `List` component does not reliably trigger any focus events. Listeners and 1.1 event handling

With the 1.1 event model, you register listeners, and they are told when the event happens.

public void addItemListener(ItemListener listener)

  The `addItemListener()` method registers `listener` as an object interested in being notified when an `ItemEvent` passes through the `EventQueue` with this `List` as its target. The `listener.itemStateChanged()` method is called when these events occur. Multiple listeners can be registered.

public void removeItemListener(ItemListener listener)

  The `removeItemListener()` method removes `listener` as an interested listener. If `listener` is not registered, nothing happens.

public void addActionListener(ActionListener listener)

  The `addActionListener()` method registers `listener` as an object interested in being notified when an `ActionEvent` passes through the `EventQueue` with this `List` as its target. The `listener.actionPerformed()` method is called when these events occur. Multiple listeners can be registered.

public void removeActionListener(ActionListener listener)

  The `removeActionListener()` method removes `listener` as a interested listener. If `listener` is not registered, nothing happens.

protected void processEvent(AWTEvent e)

  The `processEvent()` method receives all `AWTEvent`s with this `List` as its target. `processEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `List`, overriding `processEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding the method `processEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processEvent()`, remember to call `super.processEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

protected void processItemEvent(ItemEvent e)

  The `processItemEvent()` method receives all `ItemEvent`s with this `List` as its target. `processItemEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `List`, overriding `processItemEvent()` allows you to process all events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processItemEvent()` is like overriding `handleEvent()` to deal with `LIST_SELECT` and `LIST_DESELECT` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processItemEvent()`, remember to call the method `super.processItemEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

protected void processActionEvent(ActionEvent e)

  The `processActionEvent()` method receives all `ActionEvent`s with this `List` as its target. `processActionEvent()` then passes them along to any listeners for processing. When you subclass `List`, overriding `processActionEvent()` allows you to process all action events yourself, before sending them to any listeners. In a way, overriding `processActionEvent()` is like overriding `action()` using the 1.0 event model.

  If you override `processActionEvent()`, remember to call the method `super.processActionEvent(e)` last to ensure that regular event processing can occur. If you want to process your own events, it's a good idea to call `enableEvents()` (inherited from `Component`) to ensure that events are delivered even in the absence of registered listeners.

Choice |  | Checkbox