Handbook of Information Security Management
(Publisher: CRC Press LLC)
Author(s): Hal Tipton and Micki Krause, Consulting Editors
ISBN: 0849399475
Publication Date: 01/01/98

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Unauthorized disclosure

This is defined as any release of sensitive information on the LAN that is not sanctioned by proper authority, including those caused by carelessness and accidental release. Possible consequences are violations of law and policy, abridgement of rights of individuals, embarrassment to individuals and the company, and loss of shareholder confidence in the company.

Unauthorized use

Unauthorized use is the employment of company resources for purposes not authorized by the corporation and the use of noncompany resources on the network, such as using personally owned software at the office. Possible consequences include the introduction of viruses, and copyright violations for use of unlicensed software.

Fraud/embezzlement

This is the unlawful deletion of company recorded assets through the deceitful manipulation of internal controls, files, and data, often through the use of a LAN. Possible consequences include monetary loss and illegal payments to outside parties.

Modification of data

This is any unauthorized changing of data, which can be motivated by such things as personal gain, favoritism, a misguided sense of duty, or a malicious intent to sabotage. Possible consequences include the loss of data integrity and potentially flawed decision making. A high risk is the disgruntled employee.

Alteration of software

This is defined as any unauthorized changing of software, which can be motivated by such things as disgruntlement, personal gain, or a misguided sense of duty. Possible consequences include all kinds of processing errors and loss of quality in output products.

Theft of computer assets

Theft includes the unauthorized/unlawful removal of data, hardware, or software from company facilities. Possible consequences for the loss of hardware can include the loss of important data and programs resident on the hard disk or on diskettes stored in the immediate vicinity.

Viruses and Related Threats

Computer viruses are the most widely recognized example of a class of programs written to cause some form of intentional disruption or damage to computer systems or networks. A computer virus performs two basic functions: it copies itself to other programs, thereby infecting them, and it executes the instructions the author included in it. Depending on the author’s motives, a program infected with a virus may cause damage immediately upon its execution, or it may wait until a certain event has occurred, such as a particular time or date. The damage can vary widely, and can be so extensive as to require the complete rebuilding of all system software and data. Because viruses can spread rapidly to other programs and systems, the damage can multiply geometrically.

Related threats include other forms of destructive programs such as Trojan horses and network worms. Collectively, they are known as malicious software. These programs are often written to masquerade as useful programs, so that users are induced into copying them and sharing them with their friends. The malicious software phenomenon is fundamentally a people problem, as it is frequently authored and often initially spread by individuals who use systems in an unauthorized manner. Thus, the threat of unauthorized use, by both unauthorized and authorized users, must be addressed as a part of virus prevention.

Physical Threats

Electrical power problems are the most frequent physical threat to LANs, but fire or water damage is the most serious. Physical threats generally include the following:

Electrical power failures/disturbances

This is any break or disturbance in LAN power continuity that is sufficient to cause operational interruption, ranging from high-voltage spikes to area “brownouts.” Possible consequences range from minor loss of input data to temporary shutdown of systems.

Hardware failure

Hardware failures include any failure of LAN components (particularly disk crashes in PCs). Possible consequences include loss of data or data integrity, loss of processing time, and interruption of services, and may also include degradation or loss of software capabilities.

Fire/water damage

This could include a major catastrophic destruction of an entire building, partial destruction within an office area, LAN room fire, water damage from sprinkler system, and/or smoke damage. The possible consequences include loss of the entire system for extended periods of time.

Other physical threats

These include environmental failures/mishaps involving air conditioning, humidity, heating, liquid leakage, explosion, and contamination. Physical access threats include sabotage/terrorism, riot/civil disorders, bomb threats, and vandalism. Natural disasters include flood, earthquake, hurricane, snow/ice storm, windstorm, tornado, and lightning.

VULNERABILITIES

Vulnerabilities are flaws in the protection of LANs/WANs that can be exploited, partially or fully, by threats resulting in loss. Only a few generic vulnerabilities will be highlighted here, since vulnerabilities are specific weaknesses in a given LAN environment. Vulnerabilities are precluded by safeguards, and a comprehensive list of LAN safeguards is discussed later. Of paramount importance are the most basic safeguards, which are proper security awareness and training.

A LAN exists to provide designated users with shared access to hardware, software, and data. Unfortunately, the LAN’s greatest vulnerability is access control. Significant areas of access vulnerability include the PC, passwords, LAN server, and Internetworking.

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