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# Canned Sequences of Commands

Aside from breakpoint commands (see section Breakpoint command lists), GDB provides two ways to store sequences of commands for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command files.

## User-defined commands

A user-defined command is a sequence of GDB commands to which you assign a new name as a command. This is done with the `define` command. User commands may accept up to 10 arguments separated by whitespace. Arguments are accessed within the user command via $arg0...$arg9. A trivial example:

    define adder
      print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2

To execute the command use:

    adder 1 2 3

This defines the command `adder`, which prints the sum of its three arguments. Note the arguments are text substitutions, so they may reference variables, use complex expressions, or even perform inferior functions calls.

`define commandname`
  Define a command named commandname. If there is already a command by that name, you are asked to confirm that you want to redefine it. The definition of the command is made up of other GDB command lines, which are given following the `define` command. The end of these commands is marked by a line containing `end`.
`if`
  Takes a single argument, which is an expression to evaluate. It is followed by a series of commands that are executed only if the expression is true (nonzero). There can then optionally be a line `else`, followed by a series of commands that are only executed if the expression was false. The end of the list is marked by a line containing `end`.
`while`
  The syntax is similar to `if`: the command takes a single argument, which is an expression to evaluate, and must be followed by the commands to execute, one per line, terminated by an `end`. The commands are executed repeatedly as long as the expression evaluates to true.
`document commandname`
  Document the user-defined command commandname, so that it can be accessed by `help`. The command commandname must already be defined. This command reads lines of documentation just as `define` reads the lines of the command definition, ending with `end`. After the `document` command is finished, `help` on command commandname displays the documentation you have written. You may use the `document` command again to change the documentation of a command. Redefining the command with `define` does not change the documentation.
`help user-defined`
  List all user-defined commands, with the first line of the documentation (if any) for each.
`show user`
`show user commandname`
  Display the GDB commands used to define commandname (but not its documentation). If no commandname is given, display the definitions for all user-defined commands.

When user-defined commands are executed, the commands of the definition are not printed. An error in any command stops execution of the user-defined command.

If used interactively, commands that would ask for confirmation proceed without asking when used inside a user-defined command. Many GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when used in a user-defined command.

## User-defined command hooks

You may define hooks, which are a special kind of user-defined command. Whenever you run the command ``foo'`, if the user-defined command ``hook-foo'` exists, it is executed (with no arguments) before that command.

In addition, a pseudo-command, ``stop'` exists. Defining (``hook-stop'`) makes the associated commands execute every time execution stops in your program: before breakpoint commands are run, displays are printed, or the stack frame is printed.

For example, to ignore `SIGALRM` signals while single-stepping, but treat them normally during normal execution, you could define:

    define hook-stop
    handle SIGALRM nopass
    end

    define hook-run
    handle SIGALRM pass
    end

    define hook-continue
    handle SIGLARM pass
    end

You can define a hook for any single-word command in GDB, but not for command aliases; you should define a hook for the basic command name, e.g. `backtrace` rather than `bt`. If an error occurs during the execution of your hook, execution of GDB commands stops and GDB issues a prompt (before the command that you actually typed had a chance to run).

If you try to define a hook which does not match any known command, you get a warning from the `define` command.

## Command files

A command file for GDB is a file of lines that are GDB commands. Comments (lines starting with `#`) may also be included. An empty line in a command file does nothing; it does not mean to repeat the last command, as it would from the terminal.

When you start GDB, it automatically executes commands from its init files. These are files named ``.gdbinit'`. GDB reads the init file (if any) in your home directory, then processes command line options and operands, and then reads the init file (if any) in the current working directory. This is so the init file in your home directory can set options (such as `set complaints`) which affect the processing of the command line options and operands. The init files are not executed if you use the ``-nx'` option; see section Choosing modes.

On some configurations of GDB, the init file is known by a different name (these are typically environments where a specialized form of GDB may need to coexist with other forms, hence a different name for the specialized version's init file). These are the environments with special init file names:

- VxWorks (Wind River Systems real-time OS): ``.vxgdbinit'`
- OS68K (Enea Data Systems real-time OS): ``.os68gdbinit'`
- ES-1800 (Ericsson Telecom AB M68000 emulator): ``.esgdbinit'`

You can also request the execution of a command file with the `source` command:

`source filename`
  Execute the command file filename.

The lines in a command file are executed sequentially. They are not printed as they are executed. An error in any command terminates execution of the command file.

Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed without asking when used in a command file. Many GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when called from command files.

## Commands for controlled output

During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, normal GDB output is suppressed; the only output that appears is what is explicitly printed by the commands in the definition. This section describes three commands useful for generating exactly the output you want.

`echo text`
  Print text. Nonprinting characters can be included in text using C escape sequences, such as ``\n'` to print a newline. No newline is printed unless you specify one. In addition to the standard C escape sequences, a backslash followed by a space stands for a space. This is useful for displaying a string with spaces at the beginning or the end, since leading and trailing spaces are otherwise trimmed from all arguments. To print `` and foo = '`, use the command ``echo \ and foo = \ '`. A backslash at the end of text can be used, as in C, to continue the command onto subsequent lines. For example,

      echo This is some text\n\
      which is continued\n\
      onto several lines.\n

  produces the same output as

      echo This is some text\n
      echo which is continued\n
      echo onto several lines.\n

`output expression`
  Print the value of expression and nothing but that value: no newlines, no ``$nn = '`. The value is not entered in the value history either. See section Expressions, for more information on expressions.
`output/fmt expression`
  Print the value of expression in format fmt. You can use the same formats as for `print`. See section Output formats, for more information.
`printf string, expressions...`
  Print the values of the expressions under the control of string. The expressions are separated by commas and may be either numbers or pointers. Their values are printed as specified by string, exactly as if your program were to execute the C subroutine

      printf (string, expressions...);

  For example, you can print two values in hex like this:

      printf "foo, bar-foo = 0x%x, 0x%x\n", foo, bar-foo

  The only backslash-escape sequences that you can use in the format string are the simple ones that consist of backslash followed by a letter.

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